{"id":4369,"date":"2009-10-30T04:26:43","date_gmt":"2009-10-30T04:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/?p=4369"},"modified":"2009-10-30T14:07:14","modified_gmt":"2009-10-30T14:07:14","slug":"why-turkey-went-to-iran-and-what-it-did-there","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/why-turkey-went-to-iran-and-what-it-did-there\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Turkey Went to Iran and What it Means"},"content":{"rendered":"

The fallout of Erdogan’s Iran visit has caused considerable controversy. Erdogan’s planned visit to the US has been postponed until December.<\/p>\n

Here is some background to what is at stake and why so many in the West are worried – I think mistakenly. (If you don’t need a backgrounder, skip the indented part)<\/p>\n

Turkey is passing through an extraordinary moment in its history because the civilian government is taking a large group of military officers to court, accusing them of planning a coup. Read this article, \u2018AK PARTY not listening to military\u2019<\/a> which includes a copy of a leaked “secret action plan” devised by some colonels to take on the AK Party.<\/p>\n

It gives an incredibly frank description of how some in the secular military in Turkey, led by officers brought up in the \u201cAtaturkist\u201d spirit, look at the government of the AK Party AKP [Justice and Development Party], which is led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo?an and President Abdullah G\u00fcl, who have been leading Turkey in the direction of moderate Islam, which horrifies the military.<\/p>\n

In these secret memos, now made public, a number of military officers spell out a plan for a \u201ccoup\u201d against the AK party.<\/p>\n

The civilian government is taking the military officers to court. Should they win and be able to \u201ctame\u201d the military, democracy may be the winner. Some think that Islamization will be the winner, which they see as a danger and slippery slope, as do these officers.<\/p>\n

In the past, the military has carried out a coup about every 10 years in Turkey, sweeping away civilian parties that have become either too left or two religious in the military\u2019s opinion. The US has traditionally seen this as a good thing and called the military the \u201cguardian\u201d of democracy \u2013 especially during the Cold War years. Today, the West has changed its mind. Increasingly it sees the AKP as the best example of a soft Islam that is friendly to the West and which accepts secularism. It is the best antidote to radical Islamic parties, according to many Westerners. This is what the Turkish officers are worried about.<\/p>\n

Erdogan\u2019s visit to Iran this week has begun to make many of his fans in the West wonder if the Ataturkists in the Turkish military are right.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Turkey has signed an agreement with Russia, China and Iran to use each others currencies in their trade and not dollars. This is a big deal. China has just signed a deal with Russia to buy gas worth more than the total Russian export to Europe. This is to be in local currencies rather than dollars. Russia will not have to stockpile do many dollars. From the Turkish perspective, expanding the local currency deals is important because Ankara will not have to accumulate dollars or Euros as well. All of Turkey’s energy comes from Russia and Iran.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nabucco Gas Pipeline<\/p>\n

For the Nabucco gas pipeline Turkey’s changing foreign policy is also important. Turkish friendship with Armenia and the Kurds is opening up new prospects for energy transport. It ensures that transit through Turkey will be inexpensive and secure. By fixing its Kurdish problem, regularizing relations with Armenia, and having good relations with Iran, the proposed gas pipeline bringing Azerbaijan gas through Turkey to Europe will be seen as secure and reliable.<\/p>\n

In the following excellent articles, copied below, G\u00fclnur Aybet explains why Turkey needs Iranian gas to make its Nabucco gas line work. The Iran visit is not about identity or religion, he argues, but about Turkey becoming the hub of a successful gas transport network – a network, by the way, that Syria is counting on to boost its importance and the importance of its allies in the region.<\/p>\n

Flynt and Hillary Mann Leverett argue that the US should follow Turkey’s lead in realigning its relations with key Middle Eastern actors such as Iran, rather than trying to stop Turkey from doing it, which would be a losing battle. The problem for the US is that such a shift would bring it into conflict with its close ally, Israel, and possibly cause some friction with Saudi Arabia, although the Gulf countries are a lesser problem for Washington. Turkey and Syria take the view that the Iranian nuclear issue is largely bogus and has been manufactured by Israel in order to turn the world’s attention away from Gaza and settlements on Palestinian land. Another benefit for Israel is that it keeps the Arabs divided. See “Erdogan\u2019s Visit to Tehran Raises Questions over Turkish Foreign Policy<\/a>” by Emrullah Uslu at Jamestown<\/em> to get a sense of Erdogan’s stand on this.<\/p>\n

Responding to criticism over whether Turkey might be reorienting toward the Middle East, Erdogan said \u201cTurkey is expanding its relations; it is not changing its direction. Our axis is obvious. I guess people cannot get rid of their Cold War mentality. Turkey may be extremely good friends with Syria, Iraq, Iran, Russia, Georgia and Armenia, with Greece or Bulgaria as well. This is neither against NATO, nor can it be considered as a stance against any other country or group of countries. We have to eliminate such restrictive paradigms,\u201d he said (Today\u2019s Zaman, October 29). On Turkey\u2019s relations with Israel, Erdogan noted that Ankara would continue its ongoing bilateral ties with Tel Aviv based on the principle of \u201crightness,\u201d and without accepting any pressure on its own political will (Today\u2019s Zaman, October 29).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Serious Turkish diplomacy<\/a>
\nBy: Flynt Leverett & Hillary Mann Leverett
\nOctober 29, 2009 05:25 AM EST<\/p>\n

Turkey\u2019s prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, was expected to come to the White House on Thursday for a meeting with President Barack Obama. Erdogan\u2019s visit has now been postponed, and the decision to postpone comes on the heels of the Turkish leader\u2019s high-profile visit to Iran this week.<\/p>\n

When Erdogan does come to Washington, Obama would do well to listen to his Turkish visitor about the current state of play in the strategically vital Middle East. Erdogan will come to Washington not only at a time of strong domestic support for his government and the ruling Justice and Development Party, a moderate Islamist party that has dominated Turkish electoral politics in this decade, but also at a time of increasing influence for Turkey in the broader Middle East \u2014 while America\u2019s influence in the region continues to decline.<\/p>\n

We spent several days in Turkey last week, where we heard Erdogan describe his country\u2019s \u201czero problems\u201d policy vis-\u00e0-vis its neighbors. Regarding the Middle East more specifically, Erdogan\u2019s chief foreign policy adviser explained to us that Turkey\u2019s approach to the region is based on four principles: Engage all actors; respect the results of all democratic elections (including those in the Palestinian territories in 2006 and Iran in 2009); increase cultural and economic relations among countries in the region; and work with regional and international organizations to maximize possibilities for engagement.<\/p>\n

Turkey is, of course, a member of NATO and has long had a positive economic and strategic relationship with Israel. But, working from these four principles, the Erdogan government has in recent years effected major improvements in Turkey\u2019s relations with a much wider range of Middle Eastern states, including Iran, Iraq and Syria.<\/p>\n

This opening to the broader Middle East has been very strongly in Turkey\u2019s interest. Expanding trade and investment links to Iran, Iraq, Syria and other regional states has boosted the growth of Turkey\u2019s economy and reinforced its status as an \u201cemerging market\u201d of international significance. Moreover, closer ties to Middle Eastern countries, along with links to Hamas and Hezbollah, have made Ankara an increasingly important player across a wide spectrum of regional issues.<\/p>\n

Erdogan wants to position Turkey to act as a mediator between its Muslim neighbors and the West \u2014 including the United States, which needs to move beyond nice speeches by Obama and undertake concrete diplomatic initiatives to repair its standing in the Middle East. But if Washington is too shortsighted to see the necessity of realigning its relations with key Middle Eastern actors such as Iran, the Erdogan government\u2019s opening to the broader Middle East gives Ankara a wider array of strategic options for pursuing Turkish interests \u2014 the essence of successful diplomacy.<\/p>\n

During his visit to Tehran this week, Erdogan met with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei \u2014 a rare honor for a foreign leader. (In 2007, Russia\u2019s then-President Vladimir Putin was also accorded a meeting with Khamenei.) Turkey\u2019s expanding ties to the Islamic republic \u2014 including gas supply contracts and preliminary agreements for major upstream and pipeline investment projects \u2014 are essential to consolidating Turkey\u2019s role as the leading transit \u201chub\u201d for oil and gas supplies to Europe. While in Iran, Erdogan said that he hopes Turkish-Iranian trade \u2014 currently valued at roughly $10 billion \u2014 will double by 2011 and strongly supported Iranian participation in the Nabucco gas pipeline. Meeting with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Erdogan criticized international pressure on Tehran over its nuclear activities as \u201cunjust and unfair\u201d while other states maintain nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n

These statements signal that Turkey may well move ahead and conclude significant upstream and pipeline contracts in Iran despite U.S. opposition. The U.S. position on this issue is detached from economic reality. However much the Obama administration resists admitting it, the Nabucco pipeline will almost certainly not be commercially viable in the long run without Iranian gas volumes. In the end, Turkey\u2019s approach to Iran does more for Western interests than does the U.S. approach. Under the Erdogan government, Ankara is increasingly confident that it can pursue its interests in the Middle East without either succumbing to U.S. pressure or fundamentally sacrificing its relationship with Washington. Erdogan\u2019s planned visit to the White House strongly suggests that this confidence is eminently justified.<\/p>\n

Israelis and some of Israel\u2019s friends in the United States decry what they see as the expansion of Turkey\u2019s ties to other important Middle Eastern states at the expense of Turkey\u2019s ties to Israel. Ankara has indeed been sharply critical of Israel\u2019s military campaign in Gaza and its role in the continuing humanitarian crisis there \u2014 a posture manifested in Erdogan\u2019s highly publicized walkout from a joint event with Israeli President Shimon Peres at the World Economic Forum and the postponement of NATO military exercises in Turkey that would have included Israeli forces. But criticism of Turkey from pro-Israel circles misses an important reality: At this point, Israel arguably needs a relationship with Turkey more than Turkey needs a relationship with Israel.<\/p>\n

There is an important lesson here for the Obama administration. America no longer has the economic and political wherewithal to dictate strategic outcomes in the Middle East. Increasingly, if Washington wants to promote and protect U.S. interests in this critical region, it will have to do so through serious diplomacy \u2014 by respecting evolving balances of power and accommodating the legitimate interests of others so that U.S. interests will be respected. Turkey\u2019s Middle East policy provides a valuable model of what that kind of diplomacy looks like.<\/p>\n

Flynt Leverett directs the New America Foundation\u2019s Iran Project and teaches international affairs at Penn State. Hillary Mann Leverett is CEO of Stratega, a political risk consultancy.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Behind the rhetoric: Why Turkey wants to keep Iran engaged<\/a>
\nby\u00a0 G\u00dcLNUR AYBET* in Zaman<\/p>\n

LONDON — Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo?an\u2019s visit to Iran on Oct. 26 and 27 was highlighted with the usual colorful rhetoric the prime minister is now famed for, this time going beyond public criticism of Israel to accusations of \u201chypocrisy\u201d against the five-plus-one countries who are engaged in talks with Iran over its nuclear ambitions.<\/p>\n

While dismissing Western concerns over Iran\u2019s intentions to build a nuclear weapon as mere \u201cgossip\u201d may seem at odds coming from a NATO member aspiring to become an EU member, much lies behind the theatricals of populism.<\/p>\n

The prime minister\u2019s visit to Iran raises two questions. First, it highlights Western concerns that Turkey, a traditional ally of the West, may be shifting its foreign policy orientation towards the Islamic world and the Middle East. Second, the timing of the visit, close on the heels of Turkey\u2019s refusal to participate in a military exercise with Israel and the recent mending of relations with Syria, also coincides with the arrival of inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to Iran\u2019s recently disclosed nuclear facility in Qom. There is no doubt that Erdo?an\u2019s populist rhetoric coupled with the Israeli rift is a powerful softener as Iran prepares to engage once again with the West over its nuclear program. No matter how \u201cnon Western\u201d the prime minister\u2019s public stance may seem, Turkey\u2019s interests in engaging Iran, in fact run parallel with those of the West.<\/p>\n

Turkey\u2019s primary purpose in this visit is not to act as a mediator between Iran and the West but to deliver an independent Turkish message to the Iranian authorities that Iran is not being convincing about the civilian intentions of its nuclear program to the international community. However, Turkey insists it will engage Iran on this issue as a country which empathizes with Iranian sensitivities.<\/p>\n

Here, Turkey\u2019s most valuable asset in keeping Iran engaged is its independence from the West, and Prime Minister Erdo?an\u2019s populist rhetoric against Israel and criticism of Western handling of the Iranian issue no doubt helps in this respect. But Turkish interests in this matter are also strongly driven by its objection to further new sanctions on Iran. As a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, Turkey\u2019s stance on future sanctions could have a considerable impact. Also in a speech at the UN last month, Erdo?an voiced his particular opposition to further sanctions on Iran\u2019s gas industry.<\/p>\n

This is linked to the second purpose of this visit — Turkey\u2019s interest to diversify its energy supply options in the region. Turkey would like to keep the door open for Iran\u2019s possible involvement as a supplier to the Nabucco gas pipeline, which will run through Turkey to Europe.<\/p>\n

Turkey also has a vested interest to develop three phases of the world\u2019s largest gas field — the South Pars field in the Gulf, in a joint venture with Iran. Although the energy deals are in the shape of a memorandum of understanding between the two governments and have not yet materialized as contracts, the US envoy for Eurasian Energy, Richard Morningstar, sent a clear warning in July, stating that the US opposed Iranian involvement in Nabucco. Despite the US\u2019s consternation in the matter, Turkey\u2019s Energy and Natural Resources Minister Taner Y?ld?z recently said he hopes to finalize a deal over the development of South Pars with Iran.<\/p>\n

It is interesting that Turkey is ready to pursue these energy deals with Iran at the risk of deteriorating relations with the US just as the healing process has started after the damaging Bush era in Turkish-American relations. Under a 1996 deal, Turkey already receives some of its gas supply from Iran. But in recent years, the quantity and quality of supply has been disappointing for Turkey, in contrast to Russia, which Turkey does view as a reliable energy supplier. However, filling the Nabucco pipeline with an adequate supply is crucial for long-term Turkish interests to become a major energy hub linking Europe to Asia. As it is doubtful that Azeri gas, the main supplier to Nabucco, will be sufficient to fill the pipeline, other alternative suppliers such as Turkmen gas, which is presently dependent on Russia as the only outlet to Europe, and Iraqi gas, which depends on the security situation improving in that country, look uncertain at best.<\/p>\n

Turkey is right to court all options for future suppliers for the pipeline. Turkey\u2019s interest in an energy deal with Iran should therefore not be seen in the context of an \u201cIslamist\u201d empathy, whatever the prime minister\u2019s rhetoric, but a pure realpolitik matter in diversifying its energy options.<\/p>\n

This visit is not about deepening relations with a neighboring state on the basis of identity politics. It is about maintaining the status quo by keeping Iran engaged with Turkey and the West without closing the door on Iran\u2019s gas supply to Nabucco as one option out of many. While the West, and in particular the US, may object to Turkey\u2019s energy overtures with Iran, Turkey\u2019s Iranian engagement as an independent player in the region is no doubt an important asset.<\/p>\n

When it comes to Turkish-Iranian relations, the West should let Turkey do what it does best — be an independent player in the region with interests parallel to the West.<\/p>\n

*G\u00fclnur Aybet is a Southeast Europe policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center and a lecturer at the University of Kent.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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