{"id":26076,"date":"2019-01-25T19:16:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-26T00:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/?p=26076"},"modified":"2019-01-26T10:32:29","modified_gmt":"2019-01-26T15:32:29","slug":"nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/","title":{"rendered":"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East – by S. Farah"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East
By S. Farah
for Syria Comment – January 25, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNationalism is a great danger for Europe, for all the\nEuropean countries. In the history of Europe, nationalism has always meant\nwars, and the last great war started right in the heart of Europe\u2026 The real\nbreakthrough, made at the end of World War II is leaving behind nationalism and\nnational egotisms<\/a>.\u201d\nThis is how Professor Valerio Onida, the former president of Italy\u2019s\nconstitutional court expressed his concern about rising nationalism in Europe\nin a televised interview. While nationalism as a cause of war in European\nhistory has been well established, it has been overlooked when politicians and\npundits discuss the Middle East.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is Nationalism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nationalism is the political movement that rose in Europe in\nthe 18th century that led to the emergence of the nation-state. Before\nnationalism people did not give their loyalty to the nation-state but to other,\ndifferent forms of political organization: the city-state, the feudal fief and\nits lord, the dynastic empire, or the religious group. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Broadly speaking, two types of nationalism emerged from\nEurope – propositional nationalism in Western Europe and ethnic nationalism in\nEastern Europe. Propositional nationalism, also referred to as civic\nnationalism, is an inclusive form of nationalism based on individual rights and\nthe values of freedom, liberty and equality. The oldest form of propositional nationalism\nis French nationalism, which is rooted in the French republican ideals of\nliberty, equality and fraternity. The French model of citizenship is linked to\nbelonging to universal republican institutions, not to a specific identity or\nreligion. When granting full citizenship to Jews during the French Revolution,\nthe Count of Clermont Tonnerre told the National Assembly, \u201cWe should grant\neverything to Jews as individuals and nothing as a nation.” Classifying\npeople by their ethnicity is illegal in France; no direct census questions can\nbe asked that would determine the exact ethnic, racial or religious makeup of the\nsociety. The nation of “liberty, equality, fraternity” treats all\npeople equally with no differentiation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other form of nationalism that emerged in Eastern Europe is ethnic nationalism; it mines race and history to create politics that sacrifice individual liberty to the will of the majority. An example of this type of nationalism is German nationalism, which claims that the true essence of a nation emerges from history, culture, and ultimately, race. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
The Olympic Torch-bearer runs through the stadium at the 1936 Berlin Games<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

While forced resettlement and mass killing has happened throughout human history, the emergence of the ethnic nation-state and the attempt to create ethnically homogenous geographic areas in Europe in the 20th century led to ethnic cleansing and genocide\u2014most notably the Holocaust\u2014but additionally, the expulsion of Germans from Polish and Czechoslovak territory, the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs in Croatia, and the Albanians, and later, Serbians in Kosovo.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Prisoners of the German Buchenwald concentration camp Anonymous | AP<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Embedded in each national movement is a national myth: it\nmight over-dramatize true incidents, omit important historical details, or add\ndetails for which there is no evidence. These legends and constructed\nnarratives create imagined communities that give rise to a sense of delusional,\ninflated self-worth\u2014what Professor Valerio Onida referred to in the opening\nquote of this article as \u201cnational egotism.\u201d The English Nationalists argued\nthat England was the kingdom that, of all the kingdoms in the world, was the\nmost like the kingdom of Jesus Christ. And the French believed that France had\na special mission as representative of the most advanced form of western\nculture. And almost always in every national myth there are stories of victimhood,\naggrievement, and a sense of superiority. These national myths, along with\nirredentism, led Europe into endless wars, culminating in WWII. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nationalism Arrives in the Middle East<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For two thousand years, the Middle East had been ruled by\nempires: the Roman, the Byzantine, and the successive Islamic empires, all culminating\nin 400 years of Ottoman rule. A multitude of cultures lived side by side, while\npeople and ideas traveled freely across these vast polyglot empires. By the\n19th century, European ideas of nationalism began to spread across the Middle\nEast. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The First Genocide<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turkish ethnic nationalism came from central and eastern Europe through various channels. \u00c9migr\u00e9 and refugees from Hungry and Poland (as well as Tartar exiles) brought this chauvinistic and illiberal nationalism into the seat of the Ottoman empire. The Armenians and Assyrians were its first victims. The Young Turks<\/a>, a nationalist movement, in an effort to \u2018Turkify\u2019 the new republic, executed a systematic campaign to exterminate the Assyrians and Armenians from eastern Turkey, a plateau they had inhabited for 3,000 years. As many as 1.5 million people were killed in what is today known as the Armenian Genocide. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Armenians say up to 1.5 million of their forebears were killed in a 1915-16 genocide by Turkey’s former Ottoman Empire; Turkey has the figure at 500,000 (AFP\/Getty) ( AFP\/Getty )<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Turkey has since been locked into never-ending wars with Kurdish nationalists who themselves aspire to create their own ethno-nationalist state on part of the Turkish state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Arab Nationalism<\/strong> Usurps Syrian Patriotism and leads Syria Into Multiple Wars and Economic Sanctions<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arab nationalism drew inspiration from 19th-century\nWestern ideas. In 1911, intellectuals from throughout the Levant formed an Arab\nnationalist club in Paris where the first Arab congress took place. Later,\nDamascus became the coordinating center of the Arab nationalist movement. While\nthe idea did spread to other places like Beirut, Cairo, and Baghdad, nowhere\ndid Arab nationalism inspire so much passion as it did in Syria, which Nasser\nof Egypt would later refer to as \u201cthe beating heart of Arab nationalism.\u201d As\nArab nationalists took control of the Syrian government, they preoccupied\nthemselves with the greater Arab cause. In schools across all of Syria,\nchildren stood every morning and saluted the Arab nation, and the green map of\nthe vast Arab nation replaced the Syrian map in every classroom. Arab\nnationalists in Syria were aggrieved and felt betrayed by the West for dividing\ntheir nation with the Sykes-Picot Agreement. But the greatest affront to Arab\nnationalists was the creation of the state of Israel that they viewed as\nanother Western betrayal. Syrians took the mantle of destroying Israel and\nresisting the Western plots in the region. This overarching goal led Syria into\nmultiple wars and economic sanctions, which they wore as a badge of honor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Arab nationalism asserts that the Arab nation is the group\nof people who speak Arabic, inhabit the \u201cArab World,\u201d and who aspire to belong\nto the same nation. Arabs, Phoenicians, Copts, Assyrians, Berbers, Jews, and\nall those who live in the designated Arab world and speak Arabic are the people\nof this great nation. But this diverse group of people and cultures, from the\ndepths of Arabia to the far reaches of North Africa, dress differently, eat different\ncuisine, and do not share the same history. The purist Arab nationalists insist,\nhowever, that language is the strongest foundation for a nation, arguing that the\nvaried languages spoken in the Arabic peninsula, the Levant, and in north Africa,\nare dialects of the same language. But the looser definition of a dialect\nstates that a dialect should be understood by speakers of other dialects of the\nsame language without formal training, a test that would be difficult to pass for\nsomeone in the Levant listening to a person from Morocco. Many successful\ncountries are multilingual, like Switzerland and Singapore, each with four\nofficial languages. And despite the fact that all the contiguous countries of Central\nand South America\u2014with the exception of Brazil\u2014speak the same language, and\neven share a similar history and religion, none of these countries aspire to be\none nation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While Egyptians flirted with Arab nationalism during the\nNasser era, they had a deep sense of self as a separate entity, and their\nloyalty was to Egypt first. The Egyptian flirtation with Arab nationalism came\nto an end with the Camp David accord. Syrians, indoctrinated with Arab\nnationalism, viewed the actions of the Egyptian leadership as treasonous and\nshort-sighted. This view of other Arab leaders as stooges of their Western masters\nwas a common theme amongst Arab nationalists in Syria. These nationalists\nthought that they were the representatives of the pulse and aspiration of the\nArab street. This delusion, however, came crashing down during the past eight\nyears of war in Syria: that Arab street was pulseless while Syrians were being\nkilled and their cities destroyed as a part of a brutal\nregime change operation<\/a> to punish Syria for its decades of opposing\nthe West\u2019s grand plans and defending the honor of their imagined nation.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rapture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another brand of nationalism, Jewish nationalism or Zionism,\nbegan in Eastern Europe; it aimed to establish a homeland for the Jewish people,\nwith its sights set on historic Palestine. As of 1920, a British report showed\nthat there were just over seventy thousand Jewish persons living in British\nMandated Palestine, many of whom had arrived in the preceding 30 years. Jewish\nemigration and colonization of historic Palestine continued primarily by\nunassimilated Eastern European Jews. In 1948, as Israel declared its\nindependence, Egypt, Jordan and Syria attacked Israel, and in the 10 months of\nfighting that followed, Israel occupied 60% of Palestinian areas\u2014including West\nJerusalem\u2014far beyond the Jewish state allowance proposed by the 1948 Partition\nPlan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This conflict triggered significant demographic change\nthroughout the Middle East. Around 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from\ntheir homes in the areas that became Israel and have never been allowed to\nreturn. Over the next several decades, Israel occupied more land from its\nneighbors and continued the colonization of Palestinian land. And almost all\nthe Jewish communities that have colored and enriched much of the Middle East\nfor centuries in cities like Aleppo, Damascus, Baghdad and Cairo vanished, with\nmany emigrating to Israel or the U.S. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
The refugee camps which sprung up in 1948 became permanent residences in exile<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israel\u2019s Declaration of Independence speaks of equal rights\nfor all its citizens; Israeli human rights groups have, however, documented\nseveral laws that discriminate against its Palestinian population, which\nlargely still live separately from its Jewish population. Recently, Israel\u2019s\nlegislators passed the Nation\nState law<\/a> that says that only Jewish Israelis have the right of\nself-determination in Israel, ignoring the rights of its Palestinian citizens.\nThe Knesset also voted down<\/a>\nthe Basic Law Equality bill which proposed that \u201cThe State of Israel shall\nmaintain equal political rights amongst all its citizens, without any\ndifference between religions, race and sex\u201d. While many of Israel\u2019s founding\nfathers were secular, the messianic dimensions of a Jewish state on biblical\nland was inescapable. Today, the strongest support for Israel in the West comes\nfrom Evangelical\nChristians<\/a> who believe that for the rapture to occur, the Jews must\nreturn to the promised land. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Way Forward<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After WWII, Europeans realized the ills of nationalism and moved to create a new political structure for the continent. They deemphasized borders between their states, allowing for the free movement of people, workers, goods and services, and created supra-national institutions that service the entire European community. The global financial collapse of 2008, however, exposed serious flaws in the structures of the Euro and other weaknesses in the new post- nationalist European project. The Middle East also has to find its way past nationalism to create stability and bring peace to the region. If not in a union similar to the one being attempted in Europe, then perhaps the answer lies in what Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of The Black Swan<\/em> and Anti Fragile<\/em> calls \u2018fractal localism.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rapture is but one of many biblical prophecies. Ammiel\nAlcalay<\/a>, a poet, in After Jews\nand Arabs, Remaking Levantine Culture,<\/em> examines the long and rich relationship\nbetween Arabs and Jews, and between the three monotheistic religions in the Levant\nthat predated nationalism. He ends his work by quoting Shmuel Trigano:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When Isaiah announced \u201cIn that day\nshall Israel be a third with Egypt and with Syria, a blessing in the midst of\nthe land\u2026Blessed be Egypt my people, and Syria the work of my hands, and Israel\nmy inheritance\u201d he was certainly not predicating a union or a fusion into a\nstate, an empire, but the opening into a space for three people passing beyond\na stage of belligerency, of the state, the leaping beyond formal boundaries. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Alcalay continues: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somewhere between visions based on\nthe old prophecies and the need for a new covenant, between closed doors and\nfull streets, the magic of old places and the locked rooms without song, a\nspace remains, a space for a poetics and a politics of the possible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle EastBy S. Farahfor Syria Comment – January 25, 2019 \u201cNationalism is a great danger for Europe, for all the European countries. In the history of Europe, nationalism has always meant wars, and the last great war started right in the heart of Europe\u2026 The real breakthrough, made […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sfsi_plus_gutenberg_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_show_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_type":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_alignemt":"","sfsi_plus_gutenburg_max_per_row":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nNationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East - by S. Farah - Syria Comment<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East - by S. Farah - Syria Comment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle EastBy S. Farahfor Syria Comment – January 25, 2019 \u201cNationalism is a great danger for Europe, for all the European countries. In the history of Europe, nationalism has always meant wars, and the last great war started right in the heart of Europe\u2026 The real breakthrough, made […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Syria Comment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-26T00:16:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-01-26T15:32:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Joshua\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@joshua_landis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@joshua_landis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Joshua\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\",\"name\":\"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East - by S. Farah - Syria Comment\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-26T00:16:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-01-26T15:32:29+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/3b31d23576e1b8c0928811e638957c80\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East – by S. Farah\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Syria Comment\",\"description\":\"Syrian politics, history, and religion\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/3b31d23576e1b8c0928811e638957c80\",\"name\":\"Joshua\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/www.joshualandis.com\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/joshua_landis\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/author\/syriacomment\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East - by S. Farah - Syria Comment","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East - by S. Farah - Syria Comment","og_description":"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle EastBy S. Farahfor Syria Comment – January 25, 2019 \u201cNationalism is a great danger for Europe, for all the European countries. In the history of Europe, nationalism has always meant wars, and the last great war started right in the heart of Europe\u2026 The real breakthrough, made […]","og_url":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/","og_site_name":"Syria Comment","article_published_time":"2019-01-26T00:16:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-01-26T15:32:29+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Joshua","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@joshua_landis","twitter_site":"@joshua_landis","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Joshua","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/","url":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/","name":"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East - by S. Farah - Syria Comment","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png","datePublished":"2019-01-26T00:16:00+00:00","dateModified":"2019-01-26T15:32:29+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/3b31d23576e1b8c0928811e638957c80"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-25-at-6.10.47-PM.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/nationalism-war-and-the-future-of-the-middle-east\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Nationalism, War, and The Future of The Middle East – by S. Farah"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/","name":"Syria Comment","description":"Syrian politics, history, and religion","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/3b31d23576e1b8c0928811e638957c80","name":"Joshua","sameAs":["http:\/\/www.joshualandis.com","https:\/\/x.com\/joshua_landis"],"url":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/author\/syriacomment\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p38J3A-6MA","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26076"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26090,"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26076\/revisions\/26090"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/joshualandis.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}